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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. When Paz sees that Mexicans return to their tradition, what do they remember?
(a) That they do not belong to a greater universal tradition.
(b) That their tradition is rooted in conquest and slavery.
(c) That their tradition is mostly Indian.
(d) That they are part of Spain's tradition.

2. Following the Revolution, why was socialist education not widely implemented in Mexico?
(a) Training was not available for teachers for providing a socialist education.
(b) Socialist education was highly unsuccessful.
(c) The government could not agree on a socialist curriculum.
(d) Socialism was not the philosophy adopted by Mexicans.

3. Why was Diaz's regime in a precarious position regarding positivist philosophy?
(a) Because it could not afford to support such a philosophy when the regime itself was so new.
(b) Because it adopted rather than fathered the philosophy.
(c) Because the common people vehemently opposed the philosophy.
(d) Because only about half the regime favored the philosophy.

4. How did the Aztecs' final struggle manifest itself?
(a) In destruction of their own property.
(b) In suicide.
(c) In silence.
(d) As the last battle.

5. Why were the Indians not outraged that their religions were replaced with Catholicism? (Chapter Five).
(a) Because they liked Catholicism better.
(b) Because they were not very connected to their gods.
(c) Because they had been reconnected to the world.
(d) Because their gods had betrayed them when Cortez attacked.

6. According to Trotsky, what should happen if the Revolution does not break out in advanced nations following World War II?
(a) Socialism should be forced on those nations.
(b) The Marxist view of history should be revised.
(c) The Marxist view of economics should be revised.
(d) Socialism should be abandoned altogether.

7. What economic goal did the Revolution have?
(a) To pull the nation out of poverty.
(b) To establish commerce and industry.
(c) To free Mexico from dependence on Spain.
(d) To improve the commerce that had already been established.

8. According to Paz, why did the Revolution become a compromise?
(a) Because the extremists were a minority.
(b) Its leader was not strong enough to carry their ideals forward.
(c) The Revolution's worldview synthesized too many elements.
(d) It could not synthesize Mexican tradition with the desire for universality.

9. How did liberalism and democracy function in South American countries?
(a) As the breath of fresh air, politically speaking.
(b) As a veneer for the workings of colonialism.
(c) As an impetus to move the countries into modernity.
(d) As the new structure of governments around the continent.

10. In Jose Gaos' thought, what unique opportunity do young people have through their education?
(a) Moving Mexico into the world sphere.
(b) Modifying Spanish to meet the needs of the South Americans.
(c) Creating their own philosophy.
(d) Rebuilding their political system.

11. What is Paz's solution for the lack of capital?
(a) Invest in other economies, particularly the United States.
(b) Build better and more factories.
(c) Use human labor to the best advantage.
(d) Learn to harness the raw materials.

12. Which of the following contributed to making colonialism alive and relevant?
(a) Imperial takeover.
(b) Violence.
(c) Native acceptance.
(d) Catholicism.

13. According to Paz, what must be the first step toward reform?
(a) A struggle against the lie that makes colonialism official.
(b) A return to traditionalism.
(c) A complete overthrow of the socialist state.
(d) A struggle against rampant government corruption.

14. What was the motto of positivism?
(a) "Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity".
(b) "Love, Order, and Progress".
(c) "The Spirit Shall Speak through My Race".
(d) "Thus Shall We Live".

15. According to Jorge Cuesta, how has Mexico created herself?
(a) In agreement with her past.
(b) In opposition to her past.
(c) With an eye toward preventing civil war.
(d) With no regard for the common people.

Short Answer Questions

1. How did the Spanish Conquest treat religion?

2. Why was unemployment high in Mexico at the time that Paz was writing?

3. How does the Indian perceive salvation? (Chapter Five).

4. What horror did Cortez's rule not commit?

5. What did the Revolution force the Mexican people to do?

(see the answer keys)

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