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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. When was the International Red Cross founded?

2. Who was the U.S. Attorney General when the U.S. entered WWI?

3. Who was the mayor of New Orleans when the U.S. entered WWI?

4. When did John Adams and his party pass the Sedition Act?

5. Where was Oswald Avery born?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why was the Postmaster General given special priviliges under the Sedition Act of 1918? What were they?

2. How does the author describe American medical education up to the turn of the twentieth century in the Prologue?

3. What was the Sedition Act of 1918?

4. How did the second wave of the 1918 flu differ from the first?

5. What does the term "pathogen" refer to and why is it important in the narrative?

6. When was the American Red Cross founded? What was its mission?

7. What aspects of military operations made the 1918 flu more likely to spread?

8. What is the one purpose of a virus, according to the author?

9. Why does the author credit William Henry Welch as being the most influential scientist in the world?

10. Who was Daniel Coit Gilman?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Discuss the career and death of Colonel Charles Hagadorn. Where was Colonel Charles Hagadorn stationed? What was his position? What decisions did he make that were important in relation to the pandemic? How did he die?

Essay Topic 2

Discuss the life and career of Oswald Avery. Where did Avery study? What were his areas of specialty? How was he involved in the fight against the 1918 flu pandemic?

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the 1918 flu pandemic in comparison with another outbreak of disease in the past 100 years (AIDS, Ebola, Covid-19, etc.). How are they similar? How are they different? What aspects of each outbreak stands out?

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