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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. Why was there such massive overcrowding on Manhattan Island in the late 1800s?

2. According to Bettmann in "Rural Life," what frontier necessity was often a cesspool of contamination?

3. What major problem did window screening help with in the late 1800s?

4. What was a common difficulty for frontiersmen after the Civil War?

5. After the Civil War, how did the isolation of the endless prairie affect many homesteaders?

Short Essay Questions

1. What was the area in New York that was the worst air pollution offender in the late 19th century?

2. How did housing reveal the contrast between the rich and the poor in the late 1800s?

3. What two things negatively effected the mental health of homesteaders?

4. How did the electric trolley car, which was built to improve the traffic situation, actually make the traffic problem worse?

5. In the minds of some, what was the time between the Civil War and the early 1900s known as?

6. What were some of the back-breaking laborious chores that frontier women had to endure?

7. In the era after the Civil War, what was a major cause of the hideous traffic problems in the large American cities like New York?

8. How did winter pose a health hazard on the frontier?

9. Which animals were a big contribution to air pollution in large cities like New York in the late 19th century?

10. How did railroads contribute to the pollution and danger for many cities?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Explain how the labor force was treated or thought of by the rich industrialists in the post Civil War era. Were they valued as people with needs, families, etc., or treated differently? Provide examples from the book.

Essay Topic 2

Traffic was a huge problem in the large American city in the late 19th century. Discuss some of the ways that cities tried to help the situation, and whether those solutions helped or hurt the traffic problem. Cite examples from the book.

Essay Topic 3

Discuss the medical training that doctors received in the post Civil War era. What is a "diploma-mill" school? Who profited from such institutions? Contrast those schools with the medical schools of today.

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