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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. What do Hart distinguish between in Chapter 5?
(a) Union and non union laws.
(b) Moral and law.
(c) Morality and custom.
(d) Primary and secondary rules.

2. When do rules obligate?
(a) When society organises itself.
(b) When demand for conformity is insistent.
(c) When morale codes are not enough.
(d) When customs failed.

3. How does Hart name the ones that create the law in Chapter 4?
(a) Politicians.
(b) Sovereigns.
(c) Lawmakers.
(d) Judges.

4. What do Hart say of making sense of authority in term of sovereign people?
(a) It is easy to understand.
(b) It is stable.
(c) It is problematic.
(d) It is necessary.

5. What do criminal laws specifies must be followed?
(a) The letter of the law.
(b) The spirit of the law.
(c) Duties.
(d) Morality.

6. What could we rest with according to Hart?
(a) Reminders on the risk of disobeying.
(b) Reminders on the reward of obeying.
(c) Reminders about how we use the concept.
(d) Reminders on how to obey.

7. What is the question Hart tries to answer in the book according to Chapter 1?
(a) How is law formed.
(b) What is law.
(c) Who has the law.
(d) Who is the law.

8. Where don't laws apply?
(a) In communities not recognizing the laws.
(b) In other morality centers.
(c) In other cities.
(d) In other countries.

9. What does the doctrine of sovereignty often hold?
(a) Those who make the law must abide by it.
(b) The sovereign is above the law.
(c) Everyone is entitled to a trial.
(d) Rich people are above the law.

10. Who is the habit of obedience understood to apply to?
(a) A limited group of people.
(b) Law enforcement.
(c) Law makers.
(d) Lawyers.

11. Who denies there are true laws against murder?
(a) Roberts.
(b) Kristiansen.
(c) Kelsen.
(d) Kartosen.

12. What is related to law according to Hart?
(a) Morality.
(b) People.
(c) Customs.
(d) Society.

13. How would a man keep law from applying to him, according to Austin?
(a) By making changes to the law.
(b) By ignoring it.
(c) By being rich.
(d) Keep the probability of punishment low.

14. What would we find if we were to examine many types of laws, according to Hart in chapter 3?
(a) Difference in the letter of the law.
(b) Different laws based on morale.
(c) Objections to Austin's basic definition of law.
(d) No difference in the spirit of the law.

15. What is in a sense general?
(a) Legal retribution.
(b) Legal control.
(c) Legal reach.
(d) Legal interpretation.

Short Answer Questions

1. When does the concept of nullity arise?

2. What are some primitive society rules by?

3. What do secondary rules apply to?

4. What would allow all laws to be considered conditional orders to officials to apply sanctions?

5. What cannot laws be reduced to?

(see the answer keys)

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