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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. The search for a science of man began in the ________ century and was closely associated with the new experimental philosophy.
(a) 20th.
(b) 18th.
(c) 13th.
(d) 17th.

2. The following were the three primary kinds of government Montesquieu distinguished between in Chapter 6 except for which one?
(a) Monarchy.
(b) Democracy.
(c) Despotism.
(d) Parliment.

3. Who, as both a chemist and a physician, was the first to criticize mechanistic explanations while his books on chemistry and physiology influenced Europe?
(a) Hoffmann.
(b) Shaw.
(c) Stahl.
(d) Cullen.

4. In Chapter 4, Turgot concluded from the experiments of ________ and ________ on evaporation in a vacuum that extensibility was a property not only of air but of all substances in a vaporous state.
(a) Black / Cullen.
(b) Newton / Franklin.
(c) Hales / Brockhausen.
(d) Nollet / Wallerius.

5. Joseph Priestly and Henry Cavendish continued to use the term ________ for the action of fire in combustion, in Chapter 4.
(a) Aeriform.
(b) Vaporous.
(c) Phlogiston.
(d) Succumb.

Short Answer Questions

1. In his dialogue "D'Alembert's Dream," Diderot brought together the ideas of all of the following individuals except for whom?

2. According to the narrator at the beginning of Chapter 5, this chapter is about the world of living things and could be called ________, except as a word and as a discipline, it did not appear until the very end of the eighteenth century.

3. In Chapter 4, the narrator reveals that Anne Robert Jacques Turgot was a famous French ________.

4. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?

5. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, societies modeled after the Royal Society were founded at the following locations, except for which one?

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain why the Chemical Revolution was more the creation of a new science than a change in an existing one.

2. Discuss the rise of experimental physiology in the 1740s.

3. Discuss Montesquieu's fourteenth book of the "Spirit of the Laws."

4. Briefly explain Joseph Black as described in Chapter 4.

5. What was Turgot's theory of expansibility?

6. What two other academic chores brought the problem of combustion to Lavoisier's attention?

7. What did Descartes conclude about mechanical philosophy and the study of life?

8. Briefly explain Joseph Priestley and his contribution to gas chemistry.

9. What were the four fragments of knowledge that probably contributed to Lavoisier's inspiration to research combustion?

10. Who were the physiocrats? Explain.

(see the answer keys)

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