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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Chapter 2 reveals that Leibniz wrote the "second difference" in calculus as ________.
(a) B3C.
(b) D2X.
(c) A3E.
(d) R6Z.

2. What area of study in the Middle Ages had been the domain of those truths that could be found through the use of reason alone without the revelation of the Bible?
(a) Physiology.
(b) Mied mathematics.
(c) Natural theology.
(d) Psychology.

3. In Chapter 3, ________ and ________ were both led to the problem of specific heat by the discovery that a great deal of heat was required to melt ice, even though its temperature remained at the melting point.
(a) Wilcke / Robison.
(b) Black / Wilcke.
(c) Galvani / Volta.
(d) Black / Coulomb.

4. What was the name of the curve traced by the end of a string as it is unwrapped from another curve found in Chapter 2?
(a) Tractrix.
(b) Isoperimeters.
(c) Involute.
(d) Cycloid.

5. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Mechanism.
(b) Academism.
(c) Pantheism.
(d) Deism.

Short Answer Questions

1. The concept of a ________ was a necessary step in the process of quantification, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.

2. Who became the ablest and most productive mathematician of the eighteenth century, according to the narrator in Chapter 2?

3. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?

4. The narrator reveals that vis viva was a measure of ________ to conserve his creation while "action" was a measure of his efficiency.

5. Who stated in 1665 that "Analysis...seems to belong no more to Mathematics than to Physics, Ethics or any other Science"?

Short Essay Questions

1. Explain how mathematics and mechanics advanced through the study of curves.

2. Discuss Christian Wolff's book "Generally useful researches for attaining to a more exact knowledge of nature and the arts."

3. Who was William Herschel and what planet did he discover?

4. Discuss the origin of the study of electricity.

5. Why was income important to scientists during the Enlightenment period?

6. Discuss the electrical experiments of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Gray and Abbe Jean Antoine Nollet.

7. What was the meaning of experimental physics at the end of the Enlightenment? Why is important that the meaning of experimental physics had changed?

8. Discuss how nature and reason tied into the Enlightenment.

9. Describe Gabrielle de Breteuil.

10. Briefly explain the major philosopher of method in France in the eighteenth century.

(see the answer keys)

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