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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. D'Alembert, in 1754, through the machinations of his powerful patroness, the ________, became part of the literary French Academy.
(a) Rousseau.
(b) Condorcet.
(c) Black.
(d) Deffand.

2. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, societies modeled after the Royal Society were founded at the following locations, except for which one?
(a) Charlotte.
(b) Edinburgh.
(c) Manchester.
(d) Haarlem.

3. The science of man took several very different directions during the Enlightenment, the most controversial being that of ________.
(a) Robespierre.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Rousseau.
(d) Condorcet.

4. The mathematical study of probability had begun in 1654 in a correspondence between ________ and ________.
(a) Locke / Black.
(b) Quesnay / Voltaire.
(c) Newton / Darwin.
(d) Pascal / Fermat.

5. Who called natural history the "great root and mother" of all the sciences and made it the indispensable prelude to his experimental philosophy in Chapter 5?
(a) Franklin.
(b) Lavoisier.
(c) Newton.
(d) Bacon.

6. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, what where the two great national academies that were the models on which the new academies of the eighteenth century were founded?
(a) International School of Georgia / German School of Athens.
(b) International School of Luxembourg / Crossroads Christian Academy.
(c) Royal Society of London / Paris Academy of Science.
(d) International Bilingual School of Provence / Black Forest Academy.

7. Saussure found that plants grow better in an atmosphere rich in fixed air, up to a concentration of approximately ________ percent.
(a) 90.
(b) 8.
(c) 30.
(d) 75.

8. As a mathematician and rigorous metaphysician, ________ believed that the universe in all past, present, and future states followed a "preestablished harmony" laid down by God at the time of creation.
(a) Buffon.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Haller.
(d) Bourguet.

9. The narrator explains in Chapter 6 that the ________ believed that the improvement of society could be brought about by making economic activity agree more closely with the laws implanted in nature by Providence.
(a) Physiocrats.
(b) Pantisocrat.
(c) Grains.
(d) Fermiers.

10. What was Diderot's first philosophical work, according to the narrator in Chapter 5?
(a) On the Interpretation of Nature.
(b) Encyclopedie.
(c) Philosophical Thoughts.
(d) The Letter on the Blind.

11. In Chapter 5, who wrote, "We may conclude that the organs of the body have not always existed, but have been formed successively - no matter how this formation has been brought about"?
(a) Haller.
(b) Leibniz.
(c) Wolff.
(d) Spallanzani.

12. When experimentalists studied electricity, the ________ and the ________ were candidates for study because they both appeared to protect themselves electrically.
(a) Electric eel / sensitive plant.
(b) Leafy seadragon / Hagfish.
(c) Komodo dragon / sloth.
(d) Great white shark / dolphin.

13. The campaign of the philosophes to reform the criminal code in France began with the ________ affair.
(a) Calas.
(b) Voltaire.
(c) Bernoulli.
(d) Condorcet.

14. ________ theory entered into law not only in the making of contracts but also in the determination of guilt and innocence.
(a) Probability.
(b) Matrix.
(c) Chaos.
(d) Quantum.

15. The ________ class in France was composed of those who manufactured and distributed goods made from the raw materials produced by the productive class.
(a) Artisan.
(b) Pascal.
(c) Huygen.
(d) Quesnay.

Short Answer Questions

1. Electricians in the following countries concluded from their experiments that electrified seeds germinated faster, that electrified plants sent out shoots earlier, and that electrified animals were slightly lighter than non-electrified ones, except for which country?

2. Of all the prize papers, Rousseau's ________, written for the prize offered by the Dijon Academy in 1750, has had the most lasting fame, according to the narrator in Chapter 6.

3. The period that we call the Enlightenment ended with whom according to the narrator in Chapter 6?

4. According to the narrator in Chapter 6, who coined the term physiocratie?

5. Chapter 5 reveals that in ________, natural theology declined after 1750 as a result of the anti-religious sentiment of the Enlightenment.

(see the answer keys)

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