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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Symmer's socks suggested the presence of ________ electrical fluids, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 4.
(b) 8.
(c) 2.
(d) 6.

2. What term did Toland invent for the belief that God and nature were one and the same, according to the narrator in Chapter 1?
(a) Mechanism.
(b) Deism.
(c) Pantheism.
(d) Academism.

3. What was the name of the path by which an object slides from one point to another that is not on the same vertical line in the shortest possible time?
(a) Involute.
(b) Catenary.
(c) Brachistachrone.
(d) Tractrix.

4. Chapter 1 states that in 1700, ________ first talked about an "almost complete revolution in geometry" that had begun with the analytic geometry of Descartes.
(a) D'Alembert.
(b) Cartesians.
(c) Bernard le Bovier de Fontenelle.
(d) Leibniz.

5. In 1729, ________, a dedicated amateur experimenter and occasional contributor to the "Philosophical Transactions" of the Royal Society, discovered that electricity could be communicated over rather long distances by contact.
(a) Stephen Gray.
(b) Newton.
(c) 'sGravesande.
(d) Francis Hauksbee.

6. Chapter 2 states that ________ had been created to deal with the problem of motion and that the new mathematical techniques discovered in the eighteenth century were all responses to the challenges of mechanics.
(a) Arithmetic.
(b) Geometry.
(c) Calculus.
(d) Statistics.

7. What was the name of the priest of the Congregation of the Oratory, who was also a philosopher, mathematician, and member of the French Academy of Sciences?
(a) Nicolas Malebranche.
(b) Chatelet.
(c) Newton.
(d) Descartes.

8. Who became the ablest and most productive mathematician of the eighteenth century, according to the narrator in Chapter 2?
(a) Euler.
(b) Bernoulli.
(c) Lagrange.
(d) Newton.

9. In a letter of September 21, 1781, who wrote to his mentor Jean d'Alembert that he feared mathematics had reached its limit?
(a) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.
(b) Bernard Fontenelle.
(c) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.
(d) Diderot.

10. In Chapter 3, whose book described demonstration experiments and gave detailed instructions for making and using the apparatus, but unlike the Dutch physicists, he attempted to create a single rational systematic philosophy, after the model of Leibniz?
(a) Wolff.
(b) Desaguliers.
(c) Chatelet.
(d) 'sGravesande.

11. According to Chapter 2, for Newton, ________ consisted in "making experiments and observations and in drawing general Conclusion from them by Induction."
(a) Analysis.
(b) Religion.
(c) Reason.
(d) Calculus.

12. The concept of subtle fluids made its appearance around ________ when demonstration experiments in physics were rapidly gaining in popularity, according to the narrator in Chapter 3.
(a) 1740.
(b) 1800.
(c) 1770.
(d) 1853.

13. Throughout the Enlightenment, reason was usually extolled in the same breath with ________, the other key word of the Enlightenment.
(a) Religion.
(b) Nuture.
(c) Science.
(d) Nature.

14. The "Philosophical Letters" was a product of Voltaire's visit to ________ according to Chapter 2.
(a) Africa.
(b) Germany.
(c) America.
(d) England.

15. In 1819, who gave a clue to the source of this pessimism when he wrote that "the power of our analysis is practically exhausted"?
(a) Diderot.
(b) Isaac Barrow.
(c) Sylvestre-Francois Lacroix.
(d) Joseph-Louis Lagrange.

Short Answer Questions

1. In the early years of the Enlightenment, the strongest support on the Continent for Newton's philosophy came from ________.

2. All of the following philosophers at the University of Leiden followed Newton's lead in organizing experiments except for whom?

3. Who made the first extensive series of investigations of electricity in his book "De Magnete," according to Chapter 3?

4. The ________, who had been leaders in experimental physics during the seventeenth century, continued to hold a prominent place until their order was suppressed in 1773.

5. According to Chapter 1, who made Newton into a supreme rationalist whose laws of motion were a priori deductions of pure thought?

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