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This test consists of 15 multiple choice questions and 5 short answer questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Who said, "the fox knows many things, but the hedgehog knows one big thing"?
(a) Plato.
(b) Archilochus.
(c) Plotinus.
(d) Solon.

2. What did the Tsar see himself as defending for his country?
(a) Autocracy, religion and order.
(b) Opportunity and liberty.
(c) Civil rights for serfs and peasants.
(d) The property of landowners.

3. What advantages did Hegel's theories have for Bakunin?
(a) Hegel's contradictions let Bakunin justify aesthetics and physical labor.
(b) Hegel's contradictions let Bakunin justify both rebellion and obedience.
(c) Hegel's idealism let Bakunin justify his optimism in Russia's future.
(d) Hegel's idealism let Bakunin justify his loathing of Russian politics.

4. What value did Herzen and Bakunin share?
(a) State power.
(b) Individual liberty.
(c) Spiritual experience.
(d) Church power.

5. What conspiracy against the Tsar did the censorship program discover?
(a) The Molotov anarchists.
(b) The Moscow threat.
(c) The Petrashevsky Circle.
(d) The Decembrists.

6. What events proved the limitation Tolstoy described?
(a) The Tsar's reforms.
(b) The industrial development of Russia.
(c) The Napoleonic battles.
(d) The development of Christianity.

7. What was the name of the committee in charge of government censorship?
(a) The Homeland Purity Committee.
(b) The Decembrist Committee.
(c) The Second of April Committee.
(d) The Comintern.

8. Which thinker saw progress in the growth of national cultures?
(a) Mazzini.
(b) Herder.
(c) Mickiewicz.
(d) Hegel.

9. What was Bakunin's relationship with Herzen?
(a) Bakunin learned his theories under Herzen's tutelage.
(b) Herzen was the better intellectual.
(c) Herzen was susceptible to Bakunin's improvident optimism.
(d) Bakunin was inspired by Herzen's experience.

10. Whose novels did the Russian Intelligentsia influence?
(a) Herzen.
(b) Pushkin.
(c) Goncharov.
(d) Turgenev.

11. How did the Intelligentsia see their role in society?
(a) They saw themselves as nationalists, building a new industrial nation out of the ruins of the feudal system.
(b) They saw themselves as proselytes, spreading a gospel of reason and faith in the arts.
(c) They saw themselves as a secular priesthood undertaking a sacred mission of enlightenment.
(d) They saw themselves as aesthetes separate from questions of politics.

12. What limitations did Tolstoy see as hindering human beings, according to Berlin?
(a) They remain divine creatures, even though they live earthly experiences.
(b) They cannot know the divine mind.
(c) They can never see life through each other's eyes.
(d) They cannot know all the influences that affect a moment.

13. What was the result of Russia's "moral quarantine"?
(a) Ethnic cleansing of Tartars.
(b) Intense Slavophilia.
(c) A renaissance in Russian literature.
(d) A decrease in censorship.

14. How does Berlin describe Herzen's importance?
(a) Berlin describes him as writer of no lasting importance.
(b) Berlin describes him as a moral thinker of the first importance.
(c) Berlin describes him as censor who had a powerful effect on Russian literature.
(d) Berlin describes him as a theorist whose ideas were popular for a short time.

15. Who was the Tsar following the Decembrist rebellion?
(a) Nicholas II.
(b) Charles.
(c) Nicholas I.
(d) Herzen.

Short Answer Questions

1. What idea captured the imagination of the Russian intelligentsia?

2. When had the European states experienced revolution?

3. What did Tolstoy believe was the only way to access truth and reason?

4. What effect did German Romanticism have on Russian students?

5. What features of European culture were missing in Russia in the 1830s and 40s?

(see the answer keys)

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