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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to the ontological argument, why does God exist?

2. What is the problem with Descartes' certain knowledge?

3. When was "Critique of Practical Reason" published?

4. What philosophical school did Hume belong to?

5. Which of the following is true about the statement "Fido has brown spots"?

Short Essay Questions

1. Why did the second version of "Critique of Pure Reason" fail?

2. Why is Descartes' "certain knowledge" a problem?

3. Describe phenomena and noumena.

4. Describe Kant's career as a professor.

5. How did Kant react to the arguments from Hume and Leibniz?

6. What was Leibniz's argument about reason?

7. Describe Kant's categories of metaphysics.

8. Describe Kant's time in school.

9. What is objective knowledge?

10. What are antinomies?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Why did Kant believe that the fundamental political right was freedom? How do political theorists apply this concept today?

Essay Topic 2

What did Kant believe the root of morality was? Describe Kant's three formulations of moral categorical imperatives. Which is most effective, and why?

Essay Topic 3

Describe Kant's opinions about religion. Which theory did he find most attractive, and why? Why did Kant want to prove that the soul existed? How did he show flaws in religious arguments?

(see the answer keys)

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