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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Towards the end of Julian's campaign in Persia, although he continues to base many of his decisions on signs and omens, Julian:
(a) Prays daily to God and goes to confession regularly.
(b) No longer celebrates Christian holidays.
(c) Still espouses freedom of religion.
(d) Seems angry that the deities abandon him.

2. When the temple to Apollo is burned, Julian blames:
(a) The Christians.
(b) Traitorous soldiers.
(c) Supporters of Constantius.
(d) The Germans.

3. Libanius needs permission from ______ to publish his manuscript about Julian.
(a) Callistus.
(b) Bishop Meletius.
(c) Cimon.
(d) Theodosius.

4. Julian spends his last moments before dying with:
(a) Libanius and Priscus.
(b) Victor and Jovian.
(c) Callistus.
(d) Priscus and Maximus.

5. Maximus and his wife make a pact concerning:
(a) Observing Christian holidays.
(b) Suicide.
(c) Disciplining their children.
(d) Open marriage.

Short Answer Questions

1. Julian expresses doubts about the outcome of the Persian campaign to:

2. After his initial confrontation with the Persians, Julian slaughters:

3. In the cities he visits en route to Persia, Julian attempts to get people to perform:

4. Julian is told of a plot to kill him involving:

5. Julian's troops enter Persia and make camp at this river:

Short Essay Questions

1. In his memoirs and his journal, Julian insists that his army and the people love him, that he goes to great lengths to avoid confrontation and do right by the populace, and that his ascension to power is due to the will of the people. Some of these recollections are rather self-serving. Describe some examples of these recollections.

2. After several months as Augustus, Julian's temperament changes, according to Priscus. How does Julian change and why do you think this change occurs?

3. Throughout his life, Julian is influenced and makes decisions based on signs, omens and dreams. At one point, he dreams about a tree. Describe this dream and his interpretation of it.

4. What happens during the year of the famine in Antioch? Who is responsible for the famine? Who is blamed?

5. Julian travels overland to Antioch stopping in various towns along the way. What reason does he give for the journey and what does Julian hope to accomplish by visiting the towns en route?

6. What happens when Julian's army encounters the Persian army near Ctesiphon? What orders does Julian give? How does he act in front of the troops? What do you think is actually going on in his mind?

7. Once he is Augustus, how does Julian display his disdain for Christianity?

8. Julian has grown more and more enamored with belief in the Hellenistic gods and more distant from Christianity. His dislike of Christian holidays is well known. Why does he publicly celebrate Epiphany?

9. Describe the scene of the battle near Ctesiphon the next day. What does Julian do during the battle? What does he do immediately after the battle?

10. Julian may have a sense that he is becoming drunk with power and losing touch with real people and real issues. Describe the incident at the baths that illustrates his awareness.

(see the answer keys)

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