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This test consists of 5 short answer questions, 10 short essay questions, and 1 (of 3) essay topics.

Short Answer Questions

1. According to Paul, from what are we saved?

2. By medieval times, the character of Europe has become rural __________.

3. How is the crucifixion of Jesus referred?

4. The third involves the restructuring of Italian what?

5. How do Jesus' followers reply to the critics?

Short Essay Questions

1. How does Augustus influence the interpretations of freedom?

2. What happens when Christianity appears?

3. What conflict takes place in this period?

4. Rome extends its power and rule to the Italian peninsula through a series of wars and conquests in 266 B.C. What are the consequences?

5. How have women's lives begun to change?

6. What is Reformist Stoicism?

7. Why does the populace accept Augustus?

8. Describe the Roman economy and society.

9. What struggles do the Romans face regarding the development of the concept of freedom?

10. What is Reactionary Stoicism?

Essay Topics

Write an essay for ONE of the following topics:

Essay Topic 1

Freedom as a value did not develop universally.

Part 1) Why did it not develop universally? Is this surprising to you? Why or why not?

Part 2) How did freedom develop as a value? Why did it develop this way?

Part 3) How is this value reflected in the various forms of government in existence today?

Essay Topic 2

Athenians value civic freedom over personal freedom.

Part 1) What is the difference between civic freedom and personal freedom?

Part 2) Why do the Athenians prefer one over the other? Do all people in Athens feels this way? Why or why not?

Part 3) How is this Athenian value reflected in our society today?

Essay Topic 3

The preoccupation with freedom is a predominantly Western concept.

Part 1) Prove or Disprove this statement. Is preoccupation predominantly a Western concept?

Part 2) Why is the west preoccupied with freedom?

Part 3) How has this preoccupation led to Western civilization as we know it?

(see the answer keys)

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