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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. According to Freud's "psychologistic" approach to understanding human culture, what image inspired early Christianity?
(a) Ambivalence toward the father.
(b) Ambivalence toward the mother.
(c) Ambivalence toward society.
(d) Love for the mother.

2. What German social class supported Hitler but did not adopt his ideologies?
(a) Middle class and moderate.
(b) Working class and liberal.
(c) Upper class and liberal.
(d) Upper class and conservative.

3. What is automaton conformity?
(a) The practice of conforming to a hero.
(b) The practice of individuals becoming like everyone else.
(c) Conforming only to one's self.
(d) The practice of ignoring society.

4. What German class of people was most likely to submit to Nazism?
(a) Upper class.
(b) Working class.
(c) Royalty.
(d) Lower, middle classes.

5. Why did the second group of Germans who both supported the Nazis and adopt their ideas submit to Hitler?
(a) They wanted to have more freedom.
(b) Nazism appealed to their desire for authoritarianism.
(c) They enjoyed fewer taxes under Nazism.
(d) They wanted to dominate others.

Short Answer Questions

1. What is "original" thought?

2. According to Fromm, why does sadism appear natural?

3. What psychological approach does Fromm use to study history?

4. Whose theory about economic gains driving history have many historians misunderstood?

5. What forces in a capitalistic society isolate people?

Short Essay Questions

1. What is social character?

2. What characteristics describe the first group of Germans who supported the Nazis?

3. What role does character play in the individual and society?

4. How does the loss of identify affect an individual's willingness to conform, and what are the consequences for it?

5. What is the relationship between sadism and masochism? How does the relationship affect authoritarian characters?

6. What two choices does a person have when confronted by isolation and fear in achieving freedom?

7. What role does the family have in developing the character structure of an individual?

8. How does a democratic society put pressure on individuals to conform?

9. What qualities did Hitler and Nazism possess that appealed to a large population of Germans?

10. How does Fromm describe masochistic people?

(see the answer keys)

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