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This test consists of 5 multiple choice questions, 5 short answer questions, and 10 short essay questions.

Multiple Choice Questions

1. Where was Vasco da Gama from?
(a) England.
(b) France.
(c) Portugal.
(d) Greece.

2. When did Eudoxus of Cnidus attend the Academy in Athens?
(a) 410 B.C.
(b) 330 B.C.
(c) 385 B.C.
(d) 384 B.C.

3. Giovanni Cassini studied data by what astronomer who observed Mars at its closest passage to earth and determined, a value of 87 million miles for the astronomical unit?
(a) Plato.
(b) Marco Polo.
(c) John Harrison.
(d) Jean Richer.

4. Nicolaus Copernicus was born thirty years after what was invented?
(a) The printing press.
(b) The wheel.
(c) The automobile.
(d) The radio.

5. What refers to motion in the direction opposite to the movement of something else, and is the contrary of direct or prograde motion?
(a) Retrograde motion.
(b) Triangulation.
(c) Asceticism.
(d) Lepton.

Short Answer Questions

1. Who sentenced Jesus Christ to death?

2. When was Isaac Newton born?

3. What foremost astronomer of the sixteenth century proved Aristotle wrong in 1577?

4. Eudoxus of Cnidus was a student of whom?

5. Eudoxus went on to establish his own observatory where?

Short Essay Questions

1. When did Newton develop his theory of gravity, according to the author in Chapter 6: "Newton's Reach"? What was his first law?

2. What aspects of the cosmos confused ancient astronomers, according to the author in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

3. How did the rise of Christianity impact the sciences according to the author in Chapter 2: "Raising (and Lowering) the Roof"?

4. What were the practical reasons for ancient civilizations to focus on the cosmos, as described by the author in Chapter 1: "The Dome of Heaven"?

5. What was the major problem with astronomical units, as described by the author in Chapter 7: "A Plumb Line to the Sun"?

6. What theory did Copernicus work tirelessly to prove, according to the author Chapter 4: "The Sun Worshipers"? When were his ideas published?

7. What did Galileo invent and develop as a result of debt in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

8. Who developed the marine chronometer? How is his work described in Chapter 7: "A Plumb Line to the Sun"?

9. What discoveries did Galileo make in his studies of the cosmos, according to the author in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

10. What does the author say is symbolized by the work of Galileo in Chapter 5: "The World in Retrograde"?

(see the answer keys)

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