After the federal government resettled the Sac and Fox nations west of the Mississippi, some defiantly returned to Illinois inl831 to, occupy land vacated by other nations. Fearing war, settlers in Illinois petitioned the governor for troops to remove the Indians, who were led by a Sac warrior named Black Hawk. In the Black Hawk War, Illinois state troops forced the natives back across the Mississippi and killed most of the Indians ;that they caught. Black' Hawk used his moving surrender speech in 1832 to shame the white occupiers of Indian lands:

You have taken me prisoner with all my warriors. I am much grieved, for I expected, if I did not defeat you,,-, to hold out much longer; and give you more trouble . before I surrendered. I tried hard to bring you into ambush, but your last general understands;Indian fighting...