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Nathan I. Huggins, Martin Kilson, and Daniel M. Fox, eds., Key Issues in the Afro-American Experience. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1971.

Peter Kolchin, American Slavery, 1619–1877. New York: Hill and Wang, 1993.

Randall M. Miller and John David Smith, eds., Dictionary of Afro-American Slavery. Westport, CT: Praeger, 1997. Junius P. Rodriguez, ed., The Historical Encyclopedia of World Slavery. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO, 1997

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