Bar: A term that encompasses all certified lawyers—those who have passed all official requirements (the bar exam) to be certified as lawyers.

Patronage: The power of appointing people to governmental or political positions.

Political boss: A politically powerful person who can direct a group of voters to support a particular candidate.

Secession: Official withdrawal from a nation.

Tariff: A tax a nation places on imported goods to increase their price, making imported goods as expensive or more than similar products produced in the home nation.

Veto: The power of one branch of government —for example, the chief executive —to reject a bill passed by a legislative body and thus prevent it from becoming law.