The Capitulare de villis is a ninth-century manuscript that describes the appropriate . management of the properties belonging to the king of the Franks. This excerpt from section sixty-two lists some of the duties of a medieval steward.

Every official is to report annually on our total yield: how much profit he made with the oxen in the service of our cowherds, how much he made off the manses to provide plowing, how much from pig tax and other [property] taxes he collected, how much he has received in fines and how much for keeping the peace, how much for game caught without our permission in our forests, how much from fines, [fees] from mills, forests, pastures, how much toll from bridges or ships, how much rent from freemen and tithing areas on cultivated lands belonging to the crown, the income...