Divorce. More than two hundred years after Hincmar of Reims and Pope Nicholas I pronounced that a valid marriage was indissoluble, another notorious divorce case demonstrated that the Church was still having difficulty promoting the principle that marriage was indissoluble. The marriage of Philip I, King of France (reigned 1059- 1108) to Bertha was arranged in 1072 as part of a reconciliation between Philip and the count of Flanders, Bertha's stepfather. After nine childless years of marriage, Bertha gave birth to a son, Louis. Three daughters followed. Then, in 1092 Philip repudiated Bertha, shut her up in a castle that was part of her dower, and married Bertrade, the wife of Fulk IV, Count of Anjou. Whether the count consented to this marriage is uncertain. Some sources suggest that love and passion caused Philip's action, but others suggest that...