Tribute System. Over time the Chinese government developed a mechanism known as the "tribute system" to deal with the outside world. Under this system a tribute state accepted its vassal status to the Chinese and was required to exchange envoys and gifts, monitor foreign trade, and handle diplomatic relations. Scholars such as John K. Fairbank have argued that rather than being "an aggressive imperialism," the tribute system was "a defensive expression of culturalism." To maintain relations with China, a foreign country had to accept Chinese terms and recognize the supremacy of Chinese civilization and its emperors. Although an asymmetric relationship developed between China and the tribute state, the latter still benefited in terms of increased trade (in the form of gift exchanges), cultural inspiration, and military protection from the Chinese government in times of need.

Maritime Expeditions...