Expeditions. The population movements of the Archaic Period (700-480 B.C.E.) differed greatly from the mass migrations of the Dark Age (1000-800 B.C.E.). This time the emigrants departed under the aegis of the mother city and sometimes at her behest and with the sanction in the form of an oracular pronouncement of a god, usually Apollo. The metropolis also organized the colonizing expedition and appointed its leader. The colony that the emigrants founded at their place of destination was a regular city-state right from its inception. In organizing the new settlement the colonists generally replicated the civic and religious institutions of their mother city.

Settlements. Among the earliest settlements abroad were the colonies in Sicily and southern Italy, as far north as the Bay of Naples. Most of these colonies date to the eighth century B.C.E...