China

—Wan-li (1572-1620), T'ai-ch'ang (1620), T'ien-ch'i (1620-27), Ch'ung-chen (1627-44), Shun Chih (1644-61), K'ang-hsi (1661-1722), Yung Cheng (1723-35), Ch'ien Lung (1735-96).

England

—Elizabeth I (1558-1603); James I (1603-25); Charles I (1625-49); The Commonwealth (1649-60), Lords Protector: Oliver Cromwell (1653-58), Richard Cromwell (1658-59); Charles II (1660-85); James II (1685-88); The Interregnum (1688); William III (1689-1702) and Mary II (1689-94); Anne (1702-14); George I (1714-27); George II (1727-60).

France—

Henry IV (1580-1610), Louis XIII (1610-43), Louis XIV (1643-1715), Louis XV (1715-74).

Holland—

Maurice (1584-1625); Frederick Henry (1625-47); William II (1647-50); States-General (1652-72); William III (1672-1702), who was also William III of England (1689-1702); States-General (1702-47); William IV (1748-51); William V (1751-95).

Holy Roman Empire—

Rudolf II (1576-1612); Matthias (1612-19); Ferdinand II (1619-37); Ferdinand III (1637-57); Leopold I (1658-1705); Joseph I (1705-11); Charles VI (1711-40); two claimants: Maria Theresa (1740-45) and Charles VII (1742-45), Francis I (1745-65).

Japan—