• Austria-Hungary—

Emperor Francis Joseph I (1848-1916)

Emperors Hsuan Tsung (1821-1850), Hsien Feng (1851-1861), T'ung Chih (1862-1874), and Kwang Hsu(1875-1908)

President, Prince Louis-Napoleon (1848-1851); proclaimed himself Emperor Napoleon I I I (1852-1870); presidents Adolphe Thiers (1870-1873) and Marie Edme MacMahon (1873-1879)

Chancellor Otto von Bismarck (1871-1890); Emperor William I (1871-1888)

Queen Victoria (1837-1901); prime ministers Lord Palmerston (1846-1865), Lord John Russell (1865-1868), Benjamin Disraeli (1868, 1874-1880), and William Gladstone (1868-1874)

King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878); premiers Baron Bettino Ricasoli (1861-1862, 1866-1867), Giovanni Lanza (1869-1873), Marco Minghetti
(1863-1864, 1873-1876), and Agostino Depretis (1876-1879, 1881-1887)

Shoguns Ieyoshi (1838-1853), Iesada (1853-1858), Iemochi (1858-1866), Keiki (1867); and Meiji (1867-1912)

Sultans Abdul Mejid (1839-1861), Abdul Aziz (1861-1876), Murad V (1876), and Abdul Hamid II (1876-1909)

Czars Nicholas I (1825-1855) and Alexander II (1855-1881)