Eight South African antiapartheid leaders, including Nelson Mandela, are sentenced to life imprisonment.

7 Aug.

Congress's Tonkin Gulf Resolution authorizes President Lyndon B. Johnson to "take all necessary measures to repel any armed attack against forces of the United States and to prevent further aggression."

14 Sept.

Pope Paul VI opens the third session of the Ecumenical Council, Vatican II, in Saint Peter's Basilica in Rome.

5 Oct.

Fifty-seven East Germans escape to West Berlin by tunnel.

9 Oct.

The Summer Olympics begin in Tokyo.

12 Oct.

The Soviet Union launches the first successful space flight with more than one cosmonaut.

15 Oct.

Nikita Khrushchev is replaced as premier of the Soviet Union by Leonid Brezhnev.

15 Oct.

Harold Wilson, leader of the Labour party, becomes prime minister of Britain.

16 Oct.

China conducts its first nuclear test explosion.

23 Oct.

The republic of Zambia, formerly the British protectorate Northern Rhodesia, becomes an independent nation.

2 Nov..

Saudi Arabian...