Electrocardiograph.

Unsatisfactory Instrumentation.

A New Invention.

Psychophysiology Faces Change.

Early Attempts.

An Exciting Discovery.

Doubts.

Significance.

Cancer Test.

A Better Understanding.

Irrefutable Findings.

Significance.

Clearly, the Pap smear was a critical discovery. The method was able to detect cancer of the uterus five to ten years before symptoms appeared, and, as Papanicolaou predicted, the use of the Pap smear was extended to diagnosing cancer in other tissues of the body, such as the colon, kidney, bladder, prostate, lungs, breast, and sinuses.

Sources:

Daniel E. Carmichael, The Pap Smear: Life of George Papanicolaou (Springfield, I11.: Thomas, 1973);

Mary Erlichman, Electroencephalographic (EEG) Video Monitoring (Rockville, Md.: United States Department of Health and Human Services, 1990);

L. J. Rather, The Genesis of Cancer: A Study in the History of Ideas (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1978);

Donald F. Scott, Understanding EEG: An Introduction to Electroencephalography (Philadelphia: Lippincott, 1976);

Wrynn Smith, A...