Awakening the Spirit.

In order to meet the needs of an increasingly diverse society, educators developed new educational methods. Fundamental changes in the character, purpose, and direction of American education took place during the decade. Professor Ellwood P. Cubberley of Stanford University believed that education should be used to effect an "awakening of the spirit of fair play and good sportsmanship and to develop high ideals of honor and righteousness in social and civic life." In the 1920s educators throughout the country sought "to promote literacy and citizenship," primary focuses of the public schools.