Korea signs a treaty formally recognizing its annexation by Japan. Japan occupies Korea until the end of World War II.

15 Sept.

In the first elections held in the Union of South Africa, the Nationalist Party, led by Louis Botha, a Boer, defeats the Union Party, which runs on a platform advocating close ties to the British Empire.

4 Oct.

Manuel II of Portugal flees to England in the face of a revolt led by the armed forces. The next day a republic is declared and Teofilo Braga is named interim president. Manuel's father, Carlos II, had sown the seeds of rebellion by suspending the Portuguese constitution in 1907.

20 Nov.

Francisco Madero leads an armed uprising against Porfirio Diaz, who has been president of Mexico since 1876 and has ruled that country as dictator since 1884.