Japanese emperor Mutsuhito dies and is succeeded by his son Yoshihito, who rules Japan until 1926.

Aug.

Several parliamentary factions unite in China to form the National People's Party, or Kuomintang, under the titular leadership of Sun Yat-sen. Endorsing democratic principles, the party wins a majority in the assembly in the elections of 1912 and 1913, but it is repressed later in 1913.

1 Aug.

Airmail service is initiated between London and Paris.

7 Aug.

Japan and Russia reach an agreement on their mutual spheres of influence in Manchuria and Mongolia.

28 Sept.

In response to the British Liberal Party endorsement of home rule for Ireland, conservative Irish and British political parties sign the Ulster Covenant of Resistance in Belfast.

8 Oct.

Montenegro declares war on the Ottoman Empire and is joined by Serbia and Bulgaria nine days later.

14 Oct.

The Ottoman Turks invade Serbia. By the end of the month Turkish forces are in full-scale retreat...