To observe the effect of various aqueous solutions of acids, bases and amphiprotic substances on a number of indicators, and to record the approximate pH.

To determine more accurate pH values for the solutions, using a calibrated pH meter or data logging equipment.

APPARATUS

The following materials are required in order to complete this experiment:

 Semi-micro test tubes and test tube rack

 Small dropper bottles of the following test solutions:

 0.1M HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, CH3COOH

 0.1M NH3, NaOH, KOH

 Household cloudy ammonia

 White vinegar

 0.1 M NH4Cl, NaHCO3, NaHSO4, NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4, Ca(OH)2

 Calibrated pH meter or data logging equipment for determining pH

 Small dropper bottles of the following indicators:

• Universal Indicator
• Litmus
• Phenolphthalein
• Methyl orange
• Water

Part A - THE EFFECT OF ACIDS AND BASES ON COMMON INDICATORS

(a) Place six drops of deionised water, the acids H3PO4, HNO3, H...