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Classical and Operant Conditioning
Summary: The research gathered in this study examines the similarities and differences between classical and operant conditioning. Classical conditioning consists of four identifying elements, the unconditioned stimulus (US), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS) and the conditioned response (CR). Conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning relies on the use of reinforcement and punishment and deals with the cognitive thought process. Similarities between classical and operant conditioning include reinforcement, extinction, generalization, discrimination and spontaneous recovery. One way in which both learning forms differ lie in the extent to which reinforcement depends on the behavior of the learner. All organisms implement both forms of learning even if they are unaware of the process they are taking part in.
While many people may believe that learning is just a natural response that all animals are capable of, there is actually a more complex explanation on how we learn the things we do in order to survive in the world. Classical conditioning and operant conditioning are both basic forms of learning, they have the word conditioning in common. Conditioning is the acquisition of specific patterns of behavior in the presence of well-defined stimuli.
Classical conditioning is a type of learning in which an organism learns to transfer a natural response from one stimulus to another, previously neutral stimulus. Classical conditioning is achieved by manipulating reflexes. Operant conditioning is a type of learning in which the likelihood of a behavior is increased or decreased by the use of reinforcement or punishment, "operant conditioning involves learning a link between a response and its consequences-a contingency" (Howard, 1995, p. 43). Operant conditioning deals...
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This section contains 1,183 words (approx. 4 pages at 300 words per page) |
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