In the half century after Civil War, New York's growth from seaport "city of masts and spires" to the skyline symbol of Western Hemisphere. The newly arrived were not at a loss to find their place in New York. Ever since the middle of the nineteenth century the foreign-born and their children had outnumbered older stock Americans. Some immigrants were dispersed throughout the city, but most collected in districts where they set the tone, driving earlier residents to more congenial and less congested quarters. " Klein Wien" on lower Section Avenue and an earlier Little Hungary off East Houston Street retained their distinctiveness after the Lower east Side became largely East European and Jewish in the 1890's. The Italian of Mulberry street founded a second Little Italy in east Harlem, and Central Harlem began to fill up with Jewish immigrants. Between 1870 and 1915, the city's inhabitants increased from 1.5 million. Older...