31.  Dr. Whately, from whom we quote the first of these two arrangements,’ proposes this construction:—­“At last, after much fatigue, through deep roads and bad weather, we came, with no small difficulty, to our journey’s end.”  Here it will be observed that by introducing the words “we came” a little earlier in the sentence, the labour of carrying forward so many particulars is diminished, and the subsequent qualification “with no small difficulty” entails an addition to the thought that is very easily made.  But a further improvement may be produced by introducing the words “we came” still earlier; especially if at the same time the qualifications be rearranged in conformity with the principle already explained, that the more abstract elements of the thought should come before the more concrete.  Observe the better effect obtained by making these two changes:—­“At last, with no small difficulty, and after much fatigue, we came, through deep roads and bad weather, to our journey’s end.”  This reads with comparative smoothness; that is, with less hindrance from suspensions and reconstructions of thought—­with less mental effort.

32.  Before dismissing this branch of our subject, it should be further remarked, that even when addressing the most vigorous intellects, the direct style is unfit for communicating ideas of a complex or abstract character.  So long as the mind has not much to do, it may be well able to grasp all the preparatory clauses of a sentence, and to use them effectively; but if some subtlety in the argument absorb the attention—­if every faculty be strained in endeavouring to catch the speaker’s or writer’s drift, it may happen that the mind, unable to carry on both processes at once, will break down, and allow the elements of the thought to lapse into confusion.

iv.  The Principle of Economy applied to Figures.

33.  Turning now to consider figures of speech, we may equally discern the same general law of effect.  Underlying all the rules given for the choice and right use of them, we shall find the same fundamental requirement—­economy of attention.  It is indeed chiefly because they so well subserve this requirement, that figures of speech are employed.  To bring the mind more easily to the desired conception, is in many cases solely, and in all cases mainly, their object.

34.  Let us begin with the figure called Synecdoche.  The advantage sometimes gained by putting a part for the whole, is due to the more convenient, or more accurate, presentation of the idea.  If, instead of saying “a fleet of ten ships,” we say “a fleet of ten sail,” the picture of a group of vessels at sea is more readily suggested; and is so because the sails constitute the most conspicuous parts of vessels so circumstanced:  whereas the word ships would very likely remind us of vessels in dock.  Again, to say, “All hands to the pumps,” is better than to say, “All men to the pumps,” as it suggests the men in the special attitude intended, and so saves effort.  Bringing “gray hairs with sorrow to the grave,” is another expression, the effect of which has the same cause.