(3) A number of primitive emotions join forces with them.  Sympathy is generally on their side, and the instinctive glow of patriotism or pride in the tribe’s success.  The shrinking from disapproval, the craving for esteem, the very early emotions of shame and vanity, help to pull away from the self-indulgent or selfish impulse.  The spontaneous admiration of others for their virtues and anger at them for their sins is applied involuntarily by a man to himself; contempt for his own weakness and joy in his superiority according to the generally accepted code are powerful deterrents.  The consciousness of the resentment that others will feel if he does evil, the instinctive application to himself of a trace of the resentment he would feel toward him or toward these fellow tribesmen of is-such complex states of mind complicate his mental processes and help check his primary instincts.

(4) To these ingredients we must early add the more or less conscious fear of the penalties of the tribal law, of the vengeance of chiefs or powerful members of the tribe, of the tribal gods and their jealous priests.  These fears may be but dimly felt and not clearly discriminated; but however subconscious they may be in a given case of moral conflict, they play a large part.  The peace of mind that accompanies a sense of conformity to the will of rulers or of gods, contrasted with the anxiety that follows infraction, gives a greatly increased weight to that growing pressure of counter instincts which comes so largely to override a man’s animal nature.  Most of the sources of conscience thus date far back beyond the dawn of history.  But they can be pretty safely inferred from the earliest records, from a study of existing savage races, and from the study of childhood.  The definite conception of “conscience” is very late, scarcely appearing until very modern times.  And the fact that conscience itself, even in its rudimentary forms, was much later in growth than the underlying animal instincts which it developed to control and guide, is shown by its late development in the child-not, normally, until the beginning of the third year.  The early life of the individual parallels the evolution of the race; and the later-developed faculties in the child are those which arose in the later stages of human progress.  But the existence of our well-defined moral sense, with its significant role in modern life, needs no supernatural explanation.  It has grown up and come to be what it is as naturally as have our language, our customs, and our physical organs.

What is conscience now?  It is a valuable exercise in introspection to observe a case of “conscience” in one’s own life and note of what mental stuff it is made.  When a number write down their findings without mutual suggestion, the results are usually widely divergent.  Any of the original ingredients hitherto mentioned may be discovered, or other personal factors.  There may be present to consciousness