who have winked at their inhumanity, deserve no mild reprobation.  But legislation alone is not adequate to meet the situation; the underlying cause is the insufficient payment of adult workers, which practically necessitates supplementation by what the children can add to the family income.  This is one illustration of the way in which all our social problems are tangled together so that it is impossible fully to solve any one without solving the others.  When every adult receives wages enough to support a normal family-and when he is content to restrict his family to normal size; when the public schools are made efficient enough to show their evident worth to parents and to attract the children themselves, and a strict truant system takes care that the law is really obeyed; when the sick and defective and aged among the poor are cared for at public expense as a matter of course, there will be no need for children to work to help support the family; and we must endeavor, by the arousal of public opinion and by nationwide legislation, to keep children out of the factories, the shops, and the mines, till they are full-grown and educated. [Footnote:  S. Nearing, The Solution of the Child-Labor Problem.  J. Spargo, The Bitter Cry of the Children.  E. N. Clopper, Child Labor in City Streets.  Reports of Annual Meetings of the National Child Labor Committee. (Free literature. 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City.)]

(4) A less appalling, but still sufficiently serious; aspect of industrial unrighteousness is the dirty, crowded, ugly, unsanitary, and sometimes indecent conditions under which many workers in our prosperous age have to carry on their work.  Lack of proper lighting, space, and ventilation, unnecessary noises, and general untidiness, undermine the health and morals of laborers; while insufficient fire-protection causes intermittently one tragedy after another.  Much has been done in many quarters to improve such conditions; not a few up-to-date factories are models of cleanliness and sanitation, spacious, reasonably quiet, and altogether pleasant places in which to spend the working day.  They point the way which all must in time follow.  In addition, the provision of reading-rooms, baths, rest- and recreation-rooms, lunch-rooms, athletic fields, and the like, give augury of that happy future when work shall be divorced from ugliness and free from unnecessary physical strain.[Footnote:  Sir T. Oliver, Diseases of Occupation.  W. H. Tolman, Social Engineering, chaps.  III, X, xi.  World’s Work, vol. 15, p. 9534; vol. 23, p. 294.  Outlook, vol. 97, p. 817; vol. 100, p. 353.]