by the same interests that control some industrial combination, the favoritism may go even farther, and the railway’s profits be sacrificed entirely for the cheaper marketing of that particular trust’s article.  Against all such inequalities in the treatment of shippers the public conscience has lately protested; the railways are recognized as a public instrument of transportation, which should be open to use by all upon equal terms, at a price which will repay the cost of carriage plus a fair profit. [Footnote:  On railway rebates, see H. R. Seager, Introduction to Economics, chap.  XXIV, secs 260-63.  F. W. Taussig, Principles of Economics, chap. 60, secs. 7, 8.  Outlook, vol. 81, p. 803; vol. 85, p. 161.] IV.  To employees?

(1) The first duty of employers is to give to all employees a fair wage.  If the business does not pay enough to allow this, it has no right to exist; if the owners are pocketing large salaries, or giving dividends to stockholders, this money should be used first for a proper payment of the workers.  So many laborers are at the mercy of the employing class, because of their ignorance, their lack of capital and necessity of work at any wage, and often their unfamiliarity with the language and customs of the country, that it has become possible in many cases to treat them like animals and give them less than enough to sustain life in decency, not to say in comfort.  Such a case as that of our benevolent Mr. Carnegie, who million dollars in one year’s earnings of his steel trust, while many hundreds of his employees were getting but a miserable pittance and living in vile surroundings, is exceptionally glaring; but in lesser degree the same injustice is being wrought in many industries.  Wages have, indeed, been raised gradually, here and there; but not usually by the free will of employers.  The callousness of some of the privileged classes toward the underpayment of the lower classes is almost on a par with the attitude of the nobility before the French Revolution.[Footnote:  See, for example, Outlook, vol. 101, p. 345.] Fortunately, the public is coming to see not only the wrong done to the helpless poor, but the cost to the community in breeding underfed, ill- housed, criminally tempted classes, and the danger that lies ahead if these classes realize their power before amelioration is effected from above.  As a recent writer has put it, Addition Division=Revolution. [Footnote:  S. Hearing, Wages in the United States; Social Adjustment, chap.  IV.  Ryan, A Living Wage.]

(2) Another phase of modern industrial injustice is the overlong hours of work still required in many industries.  The race for cheapness of product has blinded manufacturers and the public to the cost in terms of human happiness.  An eight-hour day is quite long enough to produce all that is necessary, with the aid of modern machinery; every man should be given a margin of leisure for education, recreation, and social life.  And every man should be given