or, if he has none, to give him a new start when he leaves prison.  Recent experience shows that the great majority of prisoners can be trusted to work outside the prison, at any ordinary labor, without guards-returning to the prison each evening.[Footnote:  See Century, vol. 87, p. 746.] Regular hours, and wholesome living in every way, are, of course, enforced; sports are encouraged in leisure hours, and physical development ensured.  Educational influences are brought to bear, through class-instruction, books, sermons, private talks.  The individual’s mind is studied and every effort made to supplant morbid and anti-social by normal and moral ideas.  Few criminals but are amenable to skillful guidance; most of them, could, if pains were taken, be transformed into useful citizens.  All this application of modern penological ideas means a greatly increased expense per capita; but this will be largely offset by the work required of all healthy prisoners, and in any case is the best sort of an investment.  The prevention of crime is, in the long run, much less costly, even from a purely financial standpoint, than crime itself.  On pathological social conditions in general:  Smith, Social Pathology.  E. T. Devine, Misery and its Causes.  M. Conyngton, How to Help.  C. Aronovici, Knowing One’s Own Community.  Jane Addams, Twenty Years at Hull House.  S. Nearing, Social Adjustment.  Charles Booth, Life and Labor of the People of London.  Hall, Social Solutions.  C. R. Henderson, Social Duties.  W. Gladden, Social Salvation.  Public health:  H. Ellis, The Task of Social Hygiene, The Nationalization of Health.  Outlook, vol. 98, p. 63; vol. 102, p. 764.  Literature published by The Committee of One Hundred on National Health (105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City).  C. R. Henderson, The Social Spirit in America, chap.  V. World’s Work, vol. 17, p. 11321; vol. 21, p. 13881; vol. 23, p. 692.  W. H. Allen, Civics and Health.  Poverty and living conditions:  R. Hunter, Poverty.  B. S. Rowntree, Poverty, A Study of Town Life.  Adams and Sumner, Labor Problems, chap.  V. A. S. Warner, American Charities.  E. T. Devine, Principles of Relief.  S. Webb, Prevention of Destitution.  Literature of the American Association of Societies for Organizing Charity, and of the Charity Organization Department of the Russell Sage Foundation (both at 105 East Twenty-second Street, New York City).  L. Veiller, Housing Reform.  Deforest and Veiller, The Tenement-House Problem.  J. Lee, Constructive and Preventive Philanthropy.  Alden and Hayward, Housing.  J. A. Riis, The Battle with the Slum.  National Municipal Review, vol. 2, p. 210.  Commercialized vice:  Jane Addams, A New Conscience and an Ancient Evil.  Report of the Chicago Vice Commission:  The Social Evil in Chicago.  G. J. Kneeland, Commercialized Prostitution in New York City.  Outlook, vol. 94, p. 303; vol. 101, p. 245; vol. 104, p. 101.  Crime:  F. H. Wines, Punishment and Reformation.  E. A. Ross, Social Control, chap.  XI.  R. M. McConnell,