politicians and are offered where they are needed. [Footnote:  1 See W.H.  Beveridge, Unemployment.  J.A.  Hobson, The Problem of the Unemployed.  Alden and Hayward, The Unemployable and the Unemployed.  C. S. Loch, Methods of Social Advance, chap.  IX.  Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 8, pp. 168, 453, 499.  Review of Reviews, vol. 9, pp. 29, 179.  Charities Review, vol. 3, pp. 221, 323.  Independent, vol. 77, p.363.  National Municipal Review, vol. 3, p.366.  The unemployment which is the result of laziness must be cured by compulsory work as in farmcolonies, which have been successful in Europe.  Cf.  Edmond Kelly, The Elimination of the Tramp.]

(3) The third important cause of poverty is sickness and the death of wage earners.  Here the way is clear.  When the State has taken the measures we have enumerated for the public health, when it provides competent doctors and nurses, and bears the cost of illness, we shall have only the loss of wages during the illness or after the death of wage earners to consider.  And here some form of universal insurance will probably be the solution; this is preferable to state care of dependents, as it carries no taint of charity.  This solves every problem but the delicate one, which must be entrusted to expert diagnosticians, of determining to work is caused by physical weakness or mere laziness.

(4) The fourth great cause of poverty, drink, can and must be abolished in the near future, by the means already considered.

(5) There remain three personal causes which need be the only permanently troublesome factors- -laziness, self-indulgence, and the incontinence which results in over- large families.  The laziness which prefers chronic inactivity to work is not normal to human nature, and will be largely banished by education, the improvement of health, and the improvement of the conditions and hours of labor.  The obstinate cases of unwillingness to work must be cured by compulsory labor in farm colonies or on public works; most such cases respond to intelligent treatment and cease to be troublesome when some physical or moral twist has been remedied.  The waste of income in self-indulgence of one form or other is more difficult to deal with; but the law can justly forbid the wage-earner from squandering upon himself money needed by wife and children, and direct that a due proportion of his wages be paid directly to the wife.  If neither father nor mother will use their money for the proper welfare of the children, the State must take the children from them though that step should only be a last and desperate resort.  Finally, there is the tendency, unfortunately most prevalent among the lowest classes, to have more children than can be decently cared for.  To some extent this evil can be remedied by the dissemination of information concerning proper methods of preventing conception [Footnote:  There is, however, a danger in the general dissemination of such information-