The question of vivisection is not a difficult one.  Certainly experimentation on living animals should be sharply controlled, anesthetics should be used whenever possible, and the needless repetition of operations for illustrative purposes should be forbidden.  But it is far better for the general good that necessary experimentation should be performed upon animals than upon human beings; not at all as a partisan judgment, to shift suffering from ourselves to others, which would be unjustifiable, but because animals are less sensitive to pain, and unable to foresee and fear it as human beings would.  The human lives saved have been of far greater worth not only to themselves but objectively than the animal lives sacrificed.  Moreover, except for a few glaring instances, vivisection has involved little cruelty; and the crusade against it, though actuated by a noble impulse, has rested upon misrepresentation of facts and exaggeration of evils.

What general duties do we owe our fellows?

(1) The abstract duty to refrain from hurting our fellows, and to give positive help, to whomever we can, will find constant application in connection with each specific problem we are to study.  But a few general remarks may be pertinently made here.  In the first place, we need to be reminded that to help requires insight and tact and ingenuity; it is not enough to respond to obvious needs or actual requests; we must learn to understand our fellows’ wants, remember their tastes, seek out ways to add to their happiness or lighten their burdens.  For another must realize the importance of manners, cultivate kindliness of voice and phrase, courtesy, cheerfulness, and good humor.  Surliness and ill temper, glumness, touchiness, are inexcusable; nor may we needlessly burden others with our troubles and disappointments - the motto, “Burn your own smoke,” voices an important duty.  Again, we must remember that people generally are lonely and in need of love; we must be generous in our affection.  It is sometimes said that love given as a duty is a mockery; and doubtless spontaneous and irresistible love is best.  But it is possible to cultivate love.  If we think of others not as rivals or enemies, but as fellows whose interests we ourselves have at heart, if we try to put ourselves in their place, see through their eyes, and enjoy their pleasures and successes, we shall find ourselves coming to want happiness for them and then feeling some measure of affection.  Men and women do not have to be perfect to be loved; all or nearly all are love worthy, if we have it in us to love. (2) The question how far we should tolerate what we believe to be wrong in others, and how far we should work to reform them, is of the most difficult.  Certainly moral evil must be fought; the counsel to “resist not evil” cannot be taken too sweepingly.  No one can sit still while a big boy is bullying a smaller, while vice caterers are plying their trades, while cruelty and injustice of any sort are being