in other ways; for every dollar got in liquor-license fees, many dollars have been lost to the State.  As Gladstone said, “Give me a sober population, not wasting their earnings in strong drink, and I shall know where to obtain the revenue.”  Pending the enactment of legal prohibition, what is called industrial prohibition is proving widely efficacious.  Growing numbers of manufacturers, railway managers, and storekeepers are refusing to employ men who drink at all.  The United States Commissioner of Labor reports that ninety per cent of the railways, eighty-eight per cent of the trades, and seventy-nine per cent of the manufacturers of the country discriminate already against drinkers.  The only other point to be noted is that the saloon-the “public house,” the “poor man’s salon"-must be replaced by other social centers, that give opportunities for recreation, cheer, and social intercourse.  The question of substitutes for the saloon will be alluded to again, in chapter xxx. [Footnote:  See Raymond Calkins, Substitutes for the Saloon.  H. S. Warner, op. cit, chap.  VIII.  Forum, vol. 21, p. 595.] The nation-wide campaign against alcohol is on, the area of its legalized sale is steadily diminishing.  We who now discuss it may live to see it swept off the face of the earth; if not we, our children or children’s children.  And we must see to it that no other drug opium, morphine, or the like gets a similar grip on humanity.  Our descendants will look with as great horror upon the alcohol indulgence of our times as most of us now do upon opium smoking.  “O God, that men should put an enemy into their mouths to steal away their brains! that we should, with joy, pleasance, revel, and applause, transform ourselves into beasts!”

The best book for practical use is H. S. Warner’s Social Welfare and the Liquor Problem (revised edition, 1913), where extensive references to the authorities will be found.  Two other excellent popular books are H. S. Williams, Alcohol (1909), and Horsley and Sturge, Alcohol and the Human Body (1911).  See also Rosanoff, in McClure’s Magazine, vol. 32, p. 557; Rountree and Sherwell, The Temperance Problem and Social Reform; T. N. Kelynack, The Drink Problem:  Scientific Conclusions concerning the Alcohol Problem (Senate Document 48, 61st Congress, 1909); and the five volumes of conclusions of the Committee of Fifty, published by Houghton, Mifflin Co, under the general title, Aspects of the Liquor Problem; a summary of these conclusions is published with the title The Liquor Problem, ed.  F. J. Peabody.  Barker, The Saloon Problem and Social Reform.  Fanshawe, Liquor Legislation in the United States and Canada.  C. B. Henderson, The Social Spirit in America, chap.  XVI.  The best available data, to date, on the physiological questions underlying the moral questions may be found in G. Rosenfeld, Der Einfluss des Alkohols auf den Organismus (1901) A.B.Cushney, The Action of Alcohol (1907)-paper read before the British Association; Meyer and Gottlieb, Pharmacology (1914).