The most patent blemish, however, is the unwarranted coarseness of expression to which the Author sometimes stoops.  It is true that he must be judged according to the times he lived in; his chief object was to reach the ignorant masses of his countrymen, and to attain this object it was necessary for him to adopt their blunt and unveneered speech.  For all that, one cannot help feeling that he has, in several instances, descended to a lower level than was demanded of him, with the inevitable result that both the literary merit and the good influence of his work in some measure suffer.  Many passages which might be considered coarse and indecorous according to modern canons of taste, have been omitted from this translation.

From the literary point of view the visions of the sleeping bard has from the first been regarded as a masterpiece, but from the religious, two very different opinions have been held concerning it.  One, probably the earlier, was, that it was a book with a good purpose, and fit to stand side by side with Vicar Pritchard’s Canwyll y Cymry and Llyfr yr Homiliau; the other, that it was a pernicious book, “llyfr codi cythreuliaid”—­a devil-raising book.  A work which in any shape or form bore even a distant relationship to fiction, instantly fell under the ban of the Puritanism of former days.  To-day neither opinion is held, the Bardd Cwsc is simply a classic and nothing more.

The Visions derive considerable value from the light they throw upon the moral and social condition of our country two centuries ago.  Wales, at the time Ellis Wynne wrote was in a state of transition:  its old-world romance was passing away, and ceasing to be the potent influence which, in times gone by, had aroused our nation to chivalrous enthusiasm, and led it to ennobling aspirations.  Its place and power, it is true, were shortly to be taken by religion, simple, puritanic, and intensely spiritual; but so far, the country was in a condition of utter disorder, morally and socially.  Its national life was at its lowest ebb, its religious life was as yet undeveloped and gave little promise of the great things to come.  The nation as a whole—­people, patrician, and priest—­had sunk to depths of moral degradation; the people, through ignorance and superstition; the patrician, through contact with the corruptions of the England of the Restoration; while the priesthood were

“Blind mouths, that scarce themselves knew how to hold
“A sheep-hook, or had learnt aught else the least
“That to the faithful herdman’s art belongs.”