Lord Rockingham died in three months and the party went to pieces.  Burke refused to work under Shelburne, and, with Fox, joined Lord North in forming the coalition which overthrew the Whig party.  Burke has been severely censured for the part he took in this.  Perhaps there is little excuse for his desertion, and it is certainly true that his course raises the question of his sincere devotion to principles.  His personal dislike of Shelburne was so intense that he may have yielded to his feelings.  He felt hurt, too, we may be sure, at the disposition made of him by his friends.  In replying to a letter asking him for a place in the new government, he writes that his correspondent has been misinformed.  “I make no part of the ministerial arrangement,” he writes, and adds, “Something in the official line may be thought fit for my measure.”

As a supporter of the coalition, Burke was one of the framers of the India Bill.  This was directed against the wholesale robbery and corruption which the East India Company had been guilty of in its government of the country.  Both Fox and Burke defended the measure with all the force and power which a thorough mastery of facts, a keen sense of the injustice done an unhappy people, and a splendid rhetoric can give.  But it was doomed from the first.  The people at large were indifferent, many had profitable business relations with the company, and the king used his personal influence against it.  The bill failed to pass, the coalition was dismissed, and the party, which had in Burke its greatest representative, was utterly ruined.

The failure of the India Bill marked a victory for the king, and it also prepared the way for one of the most famous transactions of Burke’s life.  Macaulay has told how impressive and magnificent was the scene at the trial of Warren Hastings.  There were political reasons for the impeachment, but the chief motive that stirred Burke was far removed from this.  He saw and understood the real state of affairs in India.  The mismanagement, the brutal methods, and the crimes committed there in the name of the English government, moved him profoundly, and when he rose before the magnificent audience at Westminster, for opening the cause, he forced his hearers, by his own mighty passion, to see with his own eyes, and to feel his own righteous anger.  “When he came to his two narratives,” says Miss Burney, “when he related the particulars of those dreadful murders, he interested, he engaged, he at last overpowered me; I felt my cause lost.  I could hardly keep my seat.  My eyes dreaded a single glance toward a man so accused as Mr. Hastings; I wanted to sink on the floor, that they might be saved so painful a sight.  I had no hope he could clear himself; not another wish in his favor remained.”  The trial lasted for six years and ended with the acquittal of Hastings.  The result was not a surprise, and least of all to Burke.  The fate of the India Bill had taught him how completely indifferent the popular mind was to issues touching deep moral questions.  Though a seeming failure, he regarded the impeachment as the greatest work of his life.  It did much to arouse and stimulate the national sense of justice.  It made clear the cruel methods sometimes pursued under the guise of civilization and progress.  The moral victory is claimed for Burke, and without a doubt the claim is valid.