** The passage of the flower-stem of the Lathraea through the ground cannot fail to be greatly facilitated by the extraordinary quantity of water secreted at this period of the year by the subter-[[page 86]] ranean scale-like leaves; not that there is any reason to suppose that the secretion is a special adaptation for this purpose:  it probably follows from the great quantity of sap absorbed in the early spring by the parasitic roots.  After a long period without any rain, the earth had become light-coloured and very dry, but it was dark-coloured and damp, even in parts quite wet, for a distance of at least six inches all round each flower-stem.  The water is secreted by glands (described by Cohn, ’Bericht.  Bot.  Sect. der Schlesischen Gesell.,’ 1876, p. 113) which line the longitudinal channels running through each scale-like leaf.  A large plant was dug up, washed so as to remove the earth, left for some time to drain, and then placed in the evening on a dry glass-plate, covered with a bell-glass, and by next morning it had secreted a large pool of water.  The plate was wiped dry, and in the course of the succeeding 7 or 8 hours another little pool was secreted, and after 16 additional hours several large drops.  A smaller plant was washed and placed in a large jar, which was left inclined for an hour, by which time no more water drained off.  The jar was then placed upright and closed:  after 23 hours two drachms of water were collected from the bottom, and a little more after 25 additional hours.  The flower-stems were now cut off, for they do not secrete, and the subterranean part of the plant was found to weigh 106.8 grams (1611 grains), and the water secreted during the 48 hours weighed 11.9 grams (183 grains),—­that is, one-ninth of the whole weight of the plant, excluding the flower-stems.  We should remember that plants in a state of nature would probably secrete in 48 hours much more than the above large amount, for their roots would continue all the time absorbing sap from the plant on which they were parasitic. [page 86]

stem of the parasitic and leafless Monotropa hypopitys.  With Helleborus niger, the flower-stems, which rise up independently of the leaves, likewise break through the ground as arches.  This is also the case with the greatly elongated flower-stems, as well as with the petioles of Epimedium pinnatum.  So it is with the petioles of Ranunculus ficaria, when they have to break through the ground, but when they arise from the summit of the bulb above ground, they are from the first quite straight; and this is a fact which deserves notice.  The rachis of the bracken fern (Pteris aquilina), and of some, probably many, other ferns, likewise rises above ground under the form of an arch.  No doubt other analogous instances could be found by careful search.  In all ordinary cases of bulbs, rhizomes, [page 87] root-stocks, etc., buried beneath the ground, the surface is broken by a cone formed by the young imbricated leaves, the combined growth of which gives them force sufficient for the purpose.