[According to Diodorus (I. 27) the queen of Egypt held a higher position than the king himself.  The monuments and lists of names certainly prove that women could rule with sovereign power.  The husband of the heiress to the throne became king.  They had their own revenues (Diodorus I. 52) and when a princess, after death, was admitted among the goddesses, she received her own priestesses.  (Edict of Canopus.) During the reigns of the Ptolemies many coins were stamped with the queen’s image and cities were named for them.  We notice also that sons, in speaking of their descent, more frequently reckon it from the mother’s than the father’s side, that a married woman is constantly alluded to as the “mistress” or “lady” of the house, that according to many a Greek Papyrus they had entire disposal of all their property, no matter in what it consisted, in short that the weaker sex seems to have enjoyed equal influence with the stronger.]

Even the Greeks, who in so many things may serve as patterns to us, do not know how to appreciate woman rightly.  Most of the young Greek girls pass their sad childhood in close rooms, kept to the wheel and the loom by their mothers and those who have charge of them, and when marriageable, are transferred to the quiet house of a husband they do not know, and whose work in life and in the state allows him but seldom to visit his wife’s apartments.  Only when the most intimate friends and nearest relations are with her husband, does she venture to appear in their midst, and then shyly and timidly, hoping to hear a little of what is going on in the great world outside.  Ah, indeed! we women thirst for knowledge too, and there are certain branches of learning at least, which it cannot be right to withhold from those who are to be the mothers and educators of the next generation.  What can an Attic mother, without knowledge, without experience, give to her daughters?  Naught but her own ignorance.  And so it is, that a Hellene, seldom satisfied with the society of his lawful, but, mentally, inferior wife, turns for satisfaction to those courtesans, who, from their constant intercourse with men, have acquired knowledge, and well understand how to adorn it with the flowers of feminine grace, and to season it with the salt of a woman’s more refined and delicate wit.  In Egypt it is different.  A young girl is allowed to associate freely with the most enlightened men.  Youths and maidens meet constantly on festive occasions, learn to know and love one another.  The wife is not the slave, but the friend of her husband; the one supplies the deficiencies of the other.  In weighty questions the stronger decides, but the lesser cares of life are left to her who is the greater in small things.  The daughters grow up under careful guidance, for the mother is neither ignorant nor inexperienced.  To be virtuous and diligent in her affairs becomes easy to a woman, for she sees that it increases his happiness whose dearest possession she boasts of being, and who belongs to her alone.  The women only do that which pleases us! but the Egyptian men understand the art of making us pleased with that which is really good, and with that alone.  On the shores of the Nile, Phocylides of Miletus and Hipponax of Ephesus would never have dared to sing their libels on women, nor could the fable of Pandora have been possibly invented here!”