[A celebrated freethinker, who indulged in bold and independent speculations, and suffered much persecution for his ridicule of the Homeric deities.  He flourished at the time of our history and lived to a great age, far on into the fifth century.  We have quoted some fragments of his writings above.  He committed his speculations also to verse.]

“In this power everything has its rise, and it alone remains unchanged, while all created matter must be continually renewed and perfected.  The ardent longing for some being above us, on whom we can lean when our own powers fail,—­the wonderful instinct which desires a faithful friend to whom we can tell every joy and sorrow without fear of disclosure, the thankfulness with which we behold this beautiful world and all the rich blessings we have received—­these are the feelings which we call piety—­devotion.

“These you must hold fast; remembering, however, at the same time, that the world is ruled neither by the Egyptian, the Persian, nor the Greek divinities apart from each other, but that all these are one; and that one indivisible Deity, how different soever may be the names and characters under which He is represented, guides the fate of men and nations.”

The two Persian women listened to the old man in amazement.  Their unpractised powers were unable to follow the course of his thoughts.  Nitetis, however, had understood him thoroughly, and answered:  “My mother Ladice was the pupil of Pythagoras, and has told me something like this already; but the Egyptian priests consider such views to be sacrilegious, and call their originators despisers of the gods.  So I tried to repress such thoughts; but now I will resist them no longer.  What the good and wise Croesus believes cannot possibly be evil or impious!  Let Oropastes come!  I am ready to listen to his teaching.  The god of Thebes, our Ammon, shall be transformed into Ormuzd,—­Isis or Hathor, into Anahita, and those among our gods for whom I can find no likeness in the Persian religion, I shall designate by the name of ‘the Deity.’”

Croesus smiled.  He had fancied, knowing how obstinately the Egyptians clung to all they had received from tradition and education, that it would have been more difficult for Nitetis to give up the gods of her native land.  He had forgotten that her mother was a Greek, and that the daughters of Amasis had studied the doctrines of Pythagoras.  Neither was he aware how ardently Nitetis longed to please her proud lord and master.  Even Amasis, who so revered the Samian philosopher, who had so often yielded to Hellenic influence, and who with good reason might be called a free-thinking Egyptian, would sooner have exchanged life for death, than his multiform gods for the one idea “Deity.”

“You are a teachable pupil,” said Croesus, laying his hand on her head, “and as a reward, you shall be allowed either to visit Kassandane, or to receive Atossa in the hanging-gardens, every morning, and every afternoon until sunset.”