cell, or to discuss theories with persons whom they did not concern.  You think you are teaching your scholars how to live, and you teach them certain bodily contortions and certain forms of words without meaning.  I, too, have taught Emile how to live; for I have taught him to enjoy his own society and, more than that, to earn his own bread.  But this is not enough.  To live in the world he must know how to get on with other people, he must know what forces move them, he must calculate the action and re-action of self-interest in civil society, he must estimate the results so accurately that he will rarely fail in his undertakings, or he will at least have tried in the best possible way.  The law does not allow young people to manage their own affairs nor to dispose of their own property; but what would be the use of these precautions if they never gained any experience until they were of age.  They would have gained nothing by the delay, and would have no more experience at five-and-twenty than at fifteen.  No doubt we must take precautions, so that a youth, blinded by ignorance or misled by passion, may not hurt himself; but at any age there are opportunities when deeds of kindness and of care for the weak may be performed under the direction of a wise man, on behalf of the unfortunate who need help.

Mothers and nurses grow fond of children because of the care they lavish on them; the practice of social virtues touches the very heart with the love of humanity; by doing good we become good; and I know no surer way to this end.  Keep your pupil busy with the good deeds that are within his power, let the cause of the poor be his own, let him help them not merely with his money, but with his service; let him work for them, protect them, let his person and his time be at their disposal; let him be their agent; he will never all his life long have a more honourable office.  How many of the oppressed, who have never got a hearing, will obtain justice when he demands it for them with that courage and firmness which the practice of virtue inspires; when he makes his way into the presence of the rich and great, when he goes, if need be, to the footstool of the king himself, to plead the cause of the wretched, the cause of those who find all doors closed to them by their poverty, those who are so afraid of being punished for their misfortunes that they do not dare to complain?

But shall we make of Emile a knight-errant, a redresser of wrongs, a paladin?  Shall he thrust himself into public life, play the sage and the defender of the laws before the great, before the magistrates, before the king?  Shall he lay petitions before the judges and plead in the law courts?  That I cannot say.  The nature of things is not changed by terms of mockery and scorn.  He will do all that he knows to be useful and good.  He will do nothing more, and he knows that nothing is useful and good for him which is unbefitting his age.  He knows that his first duty is to himself; that young