as deeply as it stood before removal.  If the tree be planted early in spring, as it should be, there will be moisture enough in the soil; but when planting is delayed until the ground has become rather dry and warm, a pail of water poured about its roots when the hole has been nearly filled will be beneficial.  Now that the tree is planted, any kind of coarse manure spread to the depth of two or three inches on the surface as a mulch is very useful.  Stake at once to protect against the winds.  Do not make the common mistake of planting too closely.  Observe the area shaded by fully grown trees, and you will learn the folly of crowding.  Moreover, dense shade about the house is not desirable.  There should be space for plenty of air and sunshine.  The fruit from one well-developed tree will often more than supply a family; for ten or fifteen barrels of apples is not an unusual yield.  The standard apples should be thirty feet apart.  Pears, the dwarfer-growing cherries, plums, etc., can be grown in the intervening spaces.  In ordering from the nurseries insist on straight, shapely, and young trees, say three years from the bud.  Many trees that are sent out are small enough, but they are old and stunted.  Also require that there should be an abundance of fibrous and unmutilated roots.

Because the young trees come from the nursery unpruned, do not leave them in that condition.  Before planting, or immediately after, cut back all the branches at least one-half; and where they are too thick, cut out some altogether.  In removal the tree has lost much of its root power, and it is absurd to expect it to provide for just as much top as before.

In many books on fruit-culture much space has been given to dwarf pears, apples, and cherries, and trees of this character were planted much more largely some years ago than they are at present.  The pear is dwarfed by grafting it on the quince; the apple can be limited to a mere garden fruit-tree in size by being grown on a Doucin stock, or even reduced to the size of a bush if compelled to draw its life through the roots of the Paradise.  These two named stocks, much employed by European nurserymen, are distinct species of apples, and reproduce themselves without variation from the seed.  The cherry is dwarfed by being worked on the Mahaleb—­a small, handsome tree, with glossy, deep-green foliage, much cultivated abroad as an ornament of lawns.  Except in the hands of practiced gardeners, trees thus dwarfed are seldom satisfactory, for much skill and care are required in their cultivation.  Their chief advantages consist in the fact that they bear early and take but little space.  Therefore they may be considered worthy of attention by the purchasers of small places.  Those who are disposed to make pets of their trees and to indulge in horticultural experiments may derive much pleasure from these dwarfs, for they can be developed into symmetrical pyramids or graceful, fruitful shrubs within the limits of a garden border.