and as such, on this hypothesis, a sovereign prince.  In the second place, the draughtsmen of the Act, waxing exceeding bold, employed the word “election,” and implicitly justified all precedented steps towards the kingship according with the “customs of Samoa.”  I am not asking what was intended by the gentlemen who sat and debated very benignly and, on the whole, wisely in Berlin; I am asking what will be understood by a Samoan studying their literary work, the Berlin Act; I am asking what is the result of taking a word out of one state of society, and applying it to another, of which the writers know less than nothing, and no European knows much.  Several interpreters and several days were employed last September in the fruitless attempt to convey to the mind of Laupepa the sense of the word “resignation.”  What can a Samoan gather from the words, election? election of a king? election of a king according to the laws and customs of Samoa?  What are the electoral measures, what is the method of canvassing, likely to be employed by two, three, four, or five, more or less absolute princelings, eager to evince each other?  And who is to distinguish such a process from the state of war?  In such international—­or, I should say, interparochial—­differences, the nearest we can come towards understanding is to appreciate the cloud of ambiguity in which all parties grope—­

   “Treading the crude consistence, half on foot,
   Half flying.”

Now, in one part of Mataafa’s behaviour his purpose is beyond mistake.  Towards the provisions of the Berlin Act, his desire to be formally obedient is manifest.  The Act imposed the tax.  He has paid his taxes, although he thus contributes to the ways and means of his immediate rival.  The Act decreed the supreme court, and he sends his partisans to be tried at Mulinuu, although he thus places them (as I shall have occasion to show) in a position far from wholly safe.  From this literal conformity, in matters regulated, to the terms of the Berlin plenipotentiaries, we may plausibly infer, in regard to the rest, a no less exact observance of the famous and obscure “laws and customs of Samoa.”

But though it may be possible to attain, in the study, to some such adumbration of an understanding, it were plainly unfair to expect it of officials in the hurry of events.  Our two white officers have accordingly been no more perspicacious than was to be looked for, and I think they have sometimes been less wise.  It was not wise in the president to proclaim Mataafa and his followers rebels and their estates confiscated.  Such words are not respectable till they repose on force; on the lips of an angry white man, standing alone on a small promontory, they were both dangerous and absurd; they might have provoked ruin; thanks to the character of Mataafa, they only raised a smile and damaged the authority of government.  And again it is not wise in the government of Mulinuu