In the Shantung province, when we inquired of the farmers the selling prices of their crops, their replies were given like this:  “Thirty-five strings of cash for 420 catty of wheat and twelve to fourteen strings of cash for 1000 catty of wheat straw.”  At this time, according to my interpreter, the value of one string of cash was 40 cents Mexican, from which it appears that something like 250 of these coins were threaded on a string.  Twice we saw a wheelbarrow heavily loaded with strings of cash being transported through the streets of Shanghai, lying exposed on the frame, suggesting chains of copper more than money.  At one of the go-downs or warehouses in Tsingtao, where freight was being transferred from a steamer, the carriers were receiving their pay in these coin.  The pay-master stood in the doorway with half a bushel of loose cash in a grain sack at his feet.  With one hand he received the bamboo tally-sticks from the stevedores and with the other paid the cash for service rendered.

Reference has been made to buying hot water.  In a sampan managed by a woman and her daughter, who took us ashore, the middle section of the boat was furnished in the manner of a tiny sitting-room, and on the sideboard sat the complete embodiment of our fireless cookers, keeping boiled water hot for making tea.  This device and the custom are here centuries old and throughout these countries boiled water, as tea, is the universal drink, adopted no doubt as a preventive measure against typhoid fever and allied diseases.  Few vegetables are eaten raw and nearly all foods are taken hot or recently cooked if not in some way pickled or salted.  Houseboat meat shops move among the many junks on the canals.  These were provided with a compartment communicating freely with the canal water where the fish were kept alive until sold.  At the street markets too, fish are kept alive in large tubs of water systematically aerated by the water falling from an elevated receptacle in a thin stream.  A live fish may even be sliced before the eyes of a purchaser and the unsold portion returned to the water.  Poultry is largely retailed alive although we saw much of it dressed and cooked to a uniform rich brown, apparently roasted, hanging exposed in the markets of the very narrow streets in Canton, shaded from the hot sun under awnings admitting light overhead through translucent oyster-shell latticework.  Perhaps these fowl had been cooked in hot oil and before serving would be similarly heated.  At any rate it is perfectly clear that among these people many very fundamental sanitary practices are rigidly observed.