not improve, and on the fifth day out the gale was so fierce that we were compelled to take in the double-reefed mainsail and hoist our small jib instead.  We put out a sea-anchor to keep the ‘James Caird’s’ head up to the sea.  This anchor consisted of a triangular canvas bag fastened to the end of the painter and allowed to stream out from the bows.  The boat was high enough to catch the wind, and, as she drifted to leeward, the drag of the anchor kept her head to windward.  Thus our boat took most of the seas more or less end on.  Even then the crests of the waves often would curl right over us and we shipped a great deal of water, which necessitated unceasing baling and pumping.  Looking out abeam, we would see a hollow like a tunnel formed as the crest of a big wave toppled over on to the swelling body of water.  A thousand times it appeared as though the ‘James Caird’ must be engulfed; but the boat lived.  The south-westerly gale had its birthplace above the Antarctic Continent, and its freezing breath lowered the temperature far towards zero.  The sprays froze upon the boat and gave bows, sides, and decking a heavy coat of mail.  This accumulation of ice reduced the buoyancy of the boat, and to that extent was an added peril; but it possessed a notable advantage from one point of view.  The water ceased to drop and trickle from the canvas, and the spray came in solely at the well in the after part of the boat.  We could not allow the load of ice to grow beyond a certain point, and in turns we crawled about the decking forward, chipping and picking at it with the available tools.

When daylight came on the morning of the sixth day out we saw and felt that the ‘James Caird’ had lost her resiliency.  She was not rising to the oncoming seas.  The weight of the ice that had formed in her and upon her during the night was having its effect, and she was becoming more like a log than a boat.  The situation called for immediate action.  We first broke away the spare oars, which were encased in ice and frozen to the sides of the boat, and threw them overboard.  We retained two oars for use when we got inshore.  Two of the fur sleeping-bags went over the side; they were thoroughly wet, weighing probably 40 lbs. each, and they had frozen stiff during the night.  Three men constituted the watch below, and when a man went down it was better to turn into the wet bag just vacated by another man than to thaw out a frozen bag with the heat of his unfortunate body.  We now had four bags, three in use and one for emergency use in case a member of the party should break down permanently.  The reduction of weight relieved the boat to some extent, and vigorous chipping and scraping did more.  We had to be very careful not to put axe or knife through the frozen canvas of the decking as we crawled over it, but gradually we got rid of a lot of ice.  The ‘James Caird’ lifted to the endless waves as though she lived again.