[FN#338] A.  ’The passion that covets fame and gain to keep oneself in prosperity.’

[FN#339] A.  ’The passion against disagreeable things, for fear of their inflicting injuries on oneself.’

[FN#340] A.  ‘Wrong thoughts and inferences.’

[FN#341] A.  ’Different sorts of beings are born by virtue of the individualizing Karma.’

[FN#342] A.  ’Worlds are produced by virtue of the Karma common to all beings that live in them.’

When born (in the future lives) they are attached again to the body (and mind) as Atman, and become subject to lust and the other two passions.  Karma is again produced by them, and they have to receive its inevitable results. (Thus) body undergoes birth, old age, disease, death, and is reborn after death; while the world passes through the stages of formation, existence, destruction, and emptiness, and is re-formed again after emptiness.  Kalpa after Kalpa[FN#343] (passes by), life after life (comes on), and the circle of continuous rebirths knows no beginning nor end, and resembles the pulley for drawing water from the well.[FN#344]

[FN#343] Kalpa, a mundane cycle, is not reckoned by months and years. lt is a period during which a physical universe is formed to the moment when another is put into its place.

A.  “The following verses describe how the world was first created in the period of emptiness:  A strong wind began to blow through empty space.  Its length and breadth were infinite.  It was 16 lakhs thick, and so strong that it could not be cut even with a diamond.  Its name was the world-supporting-wind.  The golden clouds of Abhasvara heaven (the sixth of eighteen heavens of the Rupa-loka) covered all the skies of the Three Thousand Worlds.  Down came the heavy rain, each drop being as large as the axle of a waggon.  The water stood on the wind that checked its running down.  It was 11 lakhs deep.  The first layer was made of adamant (by the congealing water).  Gradually the cloud poured down the rain and filled it.  First the Brahma-raja worlds, next the Yama-heaven (the third of six heavens of the Kama loka), were made.  The pure water rose up, driven by the wind, and Sumeru, (the central mountain, or axis of the universe) and the seven concentric circles of mountains, and so on, were formed.  Out of dirty sediments the mountains, the four continents, the hells, oceans, and outer ring of mountains, were made.  This is called the formation of the universe.  The time of one Increase and one Decrease (human life is increased from 10 to 84,000 years, increasing by one year at every one hundred years; then it is decreased from 84,000 to 10 years, decreasing by one year at every one hundred years) elapsed.  In short, those beings in the second region of Rupa-loka, whose good Karma had spent its force, came down on the earth.  At first there were the ‘earth bread’ and the wild vine for them.  Afterwards they could not completely digest rice, and began to excrete and to urinate.  Thus men were differentiated from women.  They divided the cultivated land among them.  Chiefs were elected; assistants and subjects were sought out; hence different classes of people.  A period of nineteen Increases and Decreases elapsed.  Added to the above-mentioned period, it amounted to twenty Increases and Decreases.  This is called the Kalpa of the formation of the universe.